Publicações relacionadas à zika

In:

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report/CDC

Authors:

Morgan Hennessey, DVM; Marc Fischer, MD; J. Erin Staples, MD, PhD

Zika virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that was first identi- fied in Uganda in 1947. Before 2007, only sporadic human disease cases were reported from countries in Africa and Asia. In 2007, the first documented outbreak of Zika virus disease was reported in Yap State, Federated States of Micronesia; 73% of the population aged ≥3 years is estimated to have been infected. Subsequent outbreaks occurred in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific. In May 2015, the World Health Organization reported the first local transmission of Zika virus in the Region of the Americas (Americas), with autochthonous cases identified in Brazil. In December, the Ministry of Health estimated that 440,000–1,300,000 suspected cases of Zika virus disease had occurred in Brazil in 2015. By January 20, 2016, locally-transmitted cases had been reported to the Pan American Health Organization from Puerto Rico and 19 other countries or territories in the Americas. Further spread to other countries in the region is being monitored closely.

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In:

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report

Authors: 

Lavinia Schuler-Faccini, PhD; Erlane M. Ribeiro, PhD; Ian M.L. Feitosa, MD; Dafne D.G. Horovitz, PhD; Denise P. Cavalcanti, PhD, MD; André Pessoa; Maria Juliana R. Doriqui, MD; Joao Ivanildo Neri, MD; Joao Monteiro de Pina Neto, PhD; Hector Y.C. Wanderley, MD; Mirlene Cernach, PhD; Antonette S. El-Husny, PhD; Marcos V.S. Pone, PhD; Cassio L.C. Serao, MD; Maria Teresa V. Sanseverino, PhD; Brazilian Medical Genetics Society–Zika Embryopathy Task Forc

In early 2015, an outbreak of Zika virus, a flavivirus trans- mitted by Aedes mosquitoes, was identified in northeast Brazil, an area where dengue virus was also circulating. By September, reports of an increase in the number of infants born with microcephaly in Zika virus-affected areas began to emerge, and Zika virus RNA was identified in the amniotic fluid of two women whose fetuses had been found to have microcephaly by prenatal ultrasound. The Brazil Ministry of Health (MoH) established a task force to investigate the possible association of microcephaly with Zika virus infection during pregnancy and a registry for incident microcephaly cases (head circumference ≥2 standard deviations [SD] below the mean for sex and ges- tational age at birth) and pregnancy outcomes among women suspected to have had Zika virus infection during pregnancy. Among a cohort of 35 infants with microcephaly born dur- ing August–October 2015 in eight of Brazil’s 26 states and reported to the registry, the mothers of all 35 had lived in or visited Zika virus-affected areas during pregnancy, 25 (71%) infants had severe microcephaly (head circumference >3 SD below the mean for sex and gestational age), 17 (49%) had at least one neurologic abnormality, and among 27 infants who hadneuroimagingstudies, allhadabnormalities.Testsforother congenital infections were negative. All infants had a lumbar puncture as part of the evaluation and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were sent to a reference laboratory in Brazil for Zika virus testing; results are not yet available. Further studies are needed to confirm the association of microcephaly with Zika virus infection during pregnancy and to understand any other adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with Zika virus infec- tion. Pregnant women in Zika virus-affected areas should pro- tectthemselvesfrommosquitobitesbyusingairconditioning, screens, or nets when indoors, wearing long sleeves and pants, using permethrin-treated clothing and gear, and using insect repellents when outdoors. Pregnant and lactating women can use all U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-registered insect repellents according to the product label.

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In:

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control

The increase in congenital microcephaly observed in Brazil is of concern. Its emergence a few months after the introduction of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection into the country raises questions about the possible role of the infection in congenital microcephaly. There is currently only ecological evidence of an association between the two events. A possible causative nature of the association cannot be ruled out with the evidence available. Further investigations and studies will contribute to a better characterisation of the association, and provide a better understanding of the possible role of other prenatal infections, genetic risk factors, environmental exposures to chemicals or consumption of teratogenic drugs. Studies of the ZIKV genome will provide information on possible changes that might influence ZIKV disease characteristics and vector competence.

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In:

American Journal of Reproductive Immunology

Authors:

Michelle Silasi1, Ingrid Cardenas1, Ja-Young Kwon2, Karen Racicot1, Paula Aldo1, Gil Mor1
1Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; 2Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

Viral infections during pregnancy have long been considered benign conditions with a few notable exceptions, such as herpes virus. The recent Ebola outbreak and other viral epidemics and pandemics show how pregnant women suffer worse outcomes (such as preterm labor and adverse fetal outcomes) than the general population and non- pregnant women. New knowledge about the ways the maternal–fetal interface and placenta interact with the maternal immune system may explain these findings. Once thought to be ‘immunosuppressed’, the pregnant woman actually undergoes an immunological transformation, where the immune system is necessary to promote and support the pregnancy and growing fetus. When this protection is breached, as in a viral infection, this security is weakened and infection with other micro- organisms can then propagate and lead to outcomes, such as preterm labor. In this manuscript, we review the major viral infections relevant to pregnancy and offer potential mechanisms for the associated adverse pregnancy outcomes.

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In:

Emerging Infectious Diseases/CDC

Authors:

Gubio S. Campos, Antonio C. Bandeira, Silvia I. Sardi
Authors affiliations: Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil (G.S. Campos, S.I. Sardi); Hospital Aliança, Salvador (A.C. Bandeira)

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito- borne flavivirus related to yellow fever virus, dengue virus (DENV), and West Nile virus (WNV). It is a single-strand- ed positive RNA virus (10,794-nt genome) that is closely related to the Spondweni virus and is transmitted by many Aedes spp. mosquitoes, including Ae. africanus, Ae. lu- teocephalus, Ae. hensilli, and Ae. aegypti. The virus was identified in rhesus monkeys during sylvatic yellow fever surveillance in the Zika Forest in Uganda in 1947 and was reported in humans in 1952.

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